Tus sau ntau tshaj ntawm cov duab watches copyright

Xyoo pua sixteenth, Watchmaking nplooj siab kuv.

Yoj ntawm watchmaking inventions, tom qab cov foundations ntawm lub pendulum, coj los txhim kho ntxiv rau. Englishman cai Richard Towneley tuaj rau hauv 1675 muaj tus cai hais txog cov kauj ruam sib dhia, uas pub tus naas ej Hmong kws kho teev George Graham tsim nws pes tsawg teev.

Tab sis tus txiv ntawm txhua txoj kev watchmakers rau sab nraud ntawm lub La Manche tshua Graham tus xib fwb thiab watchmaster Thomas Tompion. Ib qhov rau cov muaj hnub nyoog 32 nyob rau hauv cov 1980s, cov 1671 mus rau cov tuam txhab London saib thiab tom qab xyoo PEBCAUG peb 1704 los ua ib tug tswv. Thaum twg lub xyoo ntawd 1676 tsim los ntawm tus muaj koob muaj npe Observatory, Vaj Charles II lawm xwb commissioned Tompiona kom lawv muaj ib nkawm raws li txoj cai Richard Towneley step-by-step tsav ntoos, uas yuav tsum tau stretched ib xyoo ib zaug xwb. Siv succeeded thiab lub moos los ua ib tuam tseem ceeb rau cov lus teb astronomical.

Nyuam qhuav muaj plaub hau

Tompion paub nws tus kheej zoo heev rau cov inventor ntawm tus saib-haired, Robert Hook (xyoo yog questionable, tsam no invention tuaj nrog no heev Englishman, los cov Christiaan twb mentioned Huygens), thiab ua tau ib txhia ntawm tus watches hiob nrog ib txoj plaub hau. Tej no twb yog nyob deb tshaj li qhov saib ua ntej lawm. Nws tsav lub invention ntawm tus thawj siv lug regulator nyob rau qhov nqi koj tshuav, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub hnab tshos watches kom yuav luag kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nineteenth, thiab tej zaum kuj muaj ib ntau hais lus zoo saib tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej kheej kauj ruam.

Thaum lub caij nws lub neej nws ua txog tsib thiab ib nplooj watches thiab rau pua thiab TSIBCAUG teev, thiab tau nws cov hauj lwm nto moo rau nws cov ingenious thiab cov robust siv. Ua tus thawj kws kho teev, nws pib siv cov hais txog zauv npav rau nws tsim yaam tshab, uas yog ntawm serial numbering txog cov khoom industrially uas ua ntej rooj lus no.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1711 teamed nrog George Graham, leej twg tseem nws ua hauj lwm rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav kauj ruam txawm tias tom qab uas nws tus nais tuag. Cov lus nthuav tej zaum yog, ntau yam ntawd ntawm nws tsim yaam tshab – xws li ib tug khub uas teev rau ib xyoo “tam ntawm tus rub” nyob rau hauv Buckingham Palace – no niaj hnub niaj, nws tseem ua haujlwm.

Apprentice thiab cov thwjtim follower

George Graham, ntxiv rau tus saib-txiav txim siab, dealt nrog geophysics thiab researched magnetism. Ntawm thaj chaw no, nws yog nto moo rau tus foundations uas, tias teeb northern yog txuam nrog variations ntawm magnetic teb; tsis tas li, nws ua compass koob, siv rau kev lag luam tus kws txawj coob. Tiam sis, nws yog paub tias zoo rau nws saib thiab yog muab rho nrog constructing ntau tseem ceeb haumxeeb txhim kho kom lub shuttle moos, invention uas muaj mercury pendulum, kom muaj los txhawb rau lub txawv cav laij lub lag luam thaum hloov txias, Thaum cov khoom no stretched thiab shrinked. Tiam sis, qhov loj tshaj tshab rau ntiaj teb watchmaking tshua invention tus ntawm cov kauj ruam dhia hauv 1715. Kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws ua hauj lwm nrog Thomas Mudg, uas tom qab ua lub tsev cov qib theem, yog ib qhov tseem ceeb tshaj inventions rau txoj kev uas ib hnab tsho yog saib.

Thomas Mudge muab nws qhov chaw nyob lub ntuj tsaug ntse heev, uas nws tau dhos txawm tus tshaj txoj watches nws lub sij hawm. Nws muaj twb tiav lub tswv 's degree thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum yim thiab ntev ua watches rau vaj ntxwv Ferdinand VI ntawm Spain – nqi nyiaj, nws nkag tsib daim saib, xws li ib feeb repetition. Nws invented cov qib theem thaum muaj hnub nyoog forty thiab xub tso rau nws nyob rau moos shuttle – xwb thaum muab rau tus saib, txawm li ntawd los, tus ntse heev uas muaj tsim heev mas pom hais tias nws, thiab cov kauj ruam leverage qhov tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj txhim kho, uas lawv muaj puas tiav.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 55 xyoos, mudge nres tsev nws saib vim kev pluag thiab thau rau Plymouth, qhov chaw ua hauj lwm txog qhov naval chronometer, uas tau ntsib cov Commission nruj heev nyob rau lub thaj. Nws cov succeeded rau, tab sis, qhov loj tshaj longitude fighter, zoo ib yam li nws muaj teeb meem loj, Thaum twg nws sim pry cov nyiaj tawm ntawm cov Commission.

John “Longitude” Harrison

Qhov tseem nthuav txog John Harrison yog nws muaj, nws yeej tsis paub tus saib paub txhua. Nws txiv yog ib tug ntoo thiab thaum twg (raws li hais cov lus dab neeg) John 6 xyoo muaj ntawv cog lus ua qoob thiab yuav tsum tau pw hauv txaj, kuv txiv cia li muab nws lub thaus., li no nws tsis tau bored thiab muaj ib yam dab tsi mus ua si nrog. Kabmob ua qoob puas kis, tiam sis passion rau watches uas tsis – ua ib tug ntoo apprentice nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm spare, nws ho moos. Nws los ua nws ntej shuttle moos nyob muaj hnub; tau ntoo, vim nws siv cov khoom siv, uas, raws li tus kws ntoo, nws muaj tshaj.

Thaum 1920 los, John Harrison tau muab ib daim ntawv cog lus kom lawv muaj kev ntauwd moo rau Brocklesby chaw ua si nyob rau hauv North Lincolnshire. Lub moos, tau kawg, ua cov ntoo (hauv cov ntoo qhib thiab kab txawv guajaky). No niaj hnub niaj, lawv ua hauj lwm, thiab thawj thawj zaug, Harrison incorporated nws invention rau lawv. – kooj tshuab kauj ruam. Cov tseem ceeb hauv kom zoo dua yog qhov no, ntawd nws ho tsis ua kev txhuam thiab tsis txhob siv cov lubrication. Txhim kho lwm loj yog cov bimetal pendulum yog ua los ntawm kev tuav ntxhov ntxhov dag thiab hlau, uas yuav raug rau tej yam kev mob txawv kub contributed. Tab sis nws hais tiag stellar caij tshwm sim tus tsim thiab siv ntawm cov naval chronometer.

Lub sij hawm hauv hiav txwv

Navigation at sea twb tau ntau uas tau tsav los ntawm qhov kev sim thiab kev ua yuam kev rau centuries, complemented los tsim captains thiab navigators. Khom lub East-West txoj hauj lwm, los yog longitude, yog tsis muaj tseeb, thiab yog precisely laij tus measurementthat lub sailors sim. Neeg, depended, rau, zoo li cas tus neeg tsav nkoj paub lub sij hawm ntawm qhov chaw, uas tseem nyob thiab cov hau kev rau yog ntsuam astronomical ntawm taw kom paub tseeb tseeb ntawm lub cev celestial nram. Qhov teeb meem no yog xam yuav li ntawd, txoj, tias cov Parliament British tau teev tseg ib yam khoom plig rau qhov kev daws teeb meem 20 000 phaus (nyob rau cov sij hawm loj loj nyiaj, uas tau yuav txia ziag no yuav mus ua 3,65 lab Euro).

Harrison txiav txim tias yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem feem ntau tib neeg txoj kev – lug txhim khu kev qha ntoos, uas yuav muab seafarers zos ntau pes tsawg. Tej yam yooj yim raws, tiam sis txoj suab heev (Txawm yuav tib neeg, leej twg yuav txhim ntoos txiag). Thaum lub hiav txwv voyage, tej ntoos yuav tsum tau coped nrog cov tilting uas tsis tas rau, tab sis kuj muaj tej yam mob siab thiab kub thiab pwm. Tseem constructing tej moo tau doubted ntawm tej greats Newton los Huygens. Thiab cov Harrisons muab hauj lwm rau tus thawj naval chronometer tau 30 xyoo lawm..

Ib miracle npe hu ua H4

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1736 harrison nquam mus Lisbon rau board HMS Centurion rau cov lus uas koj tuaj HMS Orford. Nws muaj nws thawj ua hauj lwm chronometer qauv nrog nws, pom zoo los ntawm lub Commission rau hauv hiav txwv ntawm kev ntsuas. Raws li qhov lawv thiaj rov mus London, cov lus qhuas yog praised rau lub timekeeping ntawm tus, thiaj li navigator Orford. Nws tsis yog ib tug atlantic cruise., yuav tsum tau Commission, tab sis qhov txheeb xyuas tau tau zoo ua luaj, Harrison tau ib £500 deposit tsim lwm ntau compact thiab check version. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1741 tom qab peb xyoos uas siv thiab ob xyoos rov hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam txog ntawm cov khoom muag, cov H2, tab sis thaum ntawd teb chaws Aas Kiv tau at war with Spain thiab raug, ntawd zoo li no muaj nqi mechanism yuav poob rau hauv lub tes ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, yog inadmissible. Thaum nws nyob tos, Thaum tsov rog lawm, tau txais lwm £500 ntawm lub Commission, uas tam sim ntawd thov nyob rau hauv chaw ua hauj lwm rau lub chronometer thoj.

Tsaug rau nws kev, nws tsim los siv rau ntawm ob tug lwm – loj thiab me. Thiab nws yog tus loj dua qauv H4 uas nws masterpiece: Nws yog ib tug zoo nkauj moos, uas yog zoo li tus zoo ib yam li ib hnab tshos saib, tiam sis muaj qhov nruab nrab 13,2 cm twb sib npaug zos rau ib phaj nqus. Lawv khiav ntawm ib zaus tsib zuam ib ob, muaj lawm nruab nrog saw kis thiab remontoir. Nws muab plaub xyoos, ua ntej no miracle ntawm lub teev xwb twb ua lub tsev thiab Harrison, uas thaum ntawd mus txog 68 xyoo, nws xa hauv 2014 1761 nyob rau ib lub cruise hla hiav txwv Atlantic rau tus saib xyuas nws tus tub William. Thauj tw HMS Deptford los txog rau hauv Jamaica, tus chronometer yog ncua los tsuas 5 vib nas this, uas yuav yog ib qho yuam kev lawm navigational 1,25 feeb latitude – kwv yees li ib nautical mais.

Koj tsim nyog lawv., Peb yuav muab tsis tau rau koj

Thaum lub chronometer ntawm board HMS Deptford rov qab mus London, xav pom Harrison nyiaj, yam nws ua haujlwm ntev li. Txawm li ntawd los, cov Commission xaus lus tias, tias raug qhov ntsuas tau tiav nrog mere koob hmoov thiab yuav tsum tau ntxiv. Tsis yeem lus tus txiv Harrisons swept lub controversy ntua rau Parliament, leej twg txiav txim tias Xatau-ntoos thiab koj tus kws kho teev nqi zog ntawm tsib txhiab phaus. Tus Harrisons tsis kam, tab sis, nws thiaj li pom zoo nrog lwm xeem cruise mus Caribbean.

Thaum ntawd, lwm txoj kev ntawm xab longitude twb twb tau sim, uas siv los ntsuas seb ua tau ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub hli. Thaum tus thib ob voyage nrog lub H4, nws yog Quav hniav HMS (i) Nevil Maskelyne, leej twg yuav tsum tau sim txoj kev thib ob navigating. H4 neeg rov coj sawv daws txoj siav cia, vim hais tias cov chronometer yog xwb 39 vib nas this, yuam kev li ntawm 10 mais navigational meant uas. Maskelyn cov tshwm sim no kuj yog haum, thiab tus astronomer kaw lub 30-mais sib txawv., Tabsi yuav xaus, zoo ntawm kev ntsuas thiab laij.

Qhov teeb meem ntawd, tias cov Commission yeej tsis reacknowledge soj ntsuam cov. Qhov tseem tuaj txog Parliament rov, leej twg muab cov Harrisons vam phaus ua ntej thiab cov ib nrab, cia lwm watchmakers siv tus qauv siv. Hauv lub meantime, H4 twb yuav tau tso riam rau tus muaj koob muaj npe astronomer rau lwm cov kev ntsuam mus rau daim av. Uas tshwm sim. Qhov kos tshwm sim nyob lub caij, Thaum nevil maskelyne los ua ib tug muaj koob muaj npe astronomer, uas yuav tau mus tus Commission. Nws tam sim ntawd tawm tswvyim tsis zoo, thiab h4 definitively sau.

Huab tais nrog timekeeping

Harrison, uas tau ua haujlwm rau tus qauv siv H5 peb xyoos, nws twb muaj txaus thiab kom koj lub rooj sib hais rau huab tais George III qhov. Tub tes tub taw hauv lub Commission hated nws, ces nws listened rau Harrison nroos thiab txiav txim siab los sim cov H5 khiav txoj cai hauv lub palace. 10 lub lis piam tom qab, cov, tias cov chronometer no yog ib feem peb ntawm ib pliag ib hnub. Nws pomzoo kom harrison, hu rau Parliament rau ib yam khoom plig rau winning sib txeeb lub. Thiaj 2014, 1773, Thaum twg nws lom nws hnub yug 80th, Yauhas harrison muab rau cov kev kho tshiab dhau los.

Daim chronometer H4 (nyob rau hauv lub npe K1) siv rau hauv nws ob thiab peb voyage ncig lub ntiaj teb tus tauj ncov loj James Cook thiab nws logbook overflows cia nrog qhuas rau li no timekeeping – Nws yog kuj pom nyob ntawm tej kev ua noj maps ntawm lub South Pacific, uas mus no ib hnub tseem yog incredibly. Chronometer K2 nyob rau board HMS noj thiab dim tag nrho txoj kev txomnyem ntawm kev Pitcairn Island, qhov uas nws tau khaws thiab tam sim no yog rau cov zaub hauv tsev cia puav txog tej koom los tus London Maritime pheej.

Tus sau lub ntawv nyeem: Robert

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